Fraudulent digital messages designed to imitate authentic flight reserving confirmations are a rising concern. These misleading communications typically make use of subtle design parts and branding to look genuine, probably containing spurious flight particulars, reservation codes, and even convincing attachments like pretend itineraries or boarding passes. An instance consists of an e-mail purporting to verify a non-existent flight with a fictitious airline, typically despatched with the aim of phishing for private or monetary info.
Understanding the character of those misleading practices is essential for client safety and aviation safety. Recognition of fraudulent communications helps forestall monetary loss, id theft, and potential disruptions to journey plans. Traditionally, such scams have developed alongside technological developments in communication, adapting to use new platforms and person behaviors. The rising reliance on digital confirmations for air journey underscores the significance of vigilance in opposition to such threats.
The next sections delve deeper into figuring out fraudulent communications, preventative measures vacationers can undertake, and reporting mechanisms for suspected scams. Moreover, trade greatest practices for enhancing communication safety and client consciousness initiatives might be explored.
1. Misleading Communication
Misleading communication kinds the inspiration of fraudulent flight e-mail confirmations. Understanding the techniques employed in these communications is essential for recognizing and mitigating the dangers related to such scams. These misleading techniques typically exploit widespread vulnerabilities and psychological tendencies to govern recipients.
-
Spoofed Electronic mail Addresses
Fraudulent emails regularly make the most of spoofed sender addresses, mimicking authentic airline domains to create a false sense of authenticity. For instance, a fraudulent e-mail would possibly seem to originate from “reservations@fakedomain-airline.com” as an alternative of the authentic “reservations@airline.com”. This delicate distinction can simply go unnoticed, main recipients to imagine the communication is real.
-
Deceptive Topic Strains
Topic strains are crafted to pique the recipient’s curiosity and create a way of urgency or significance. Examples embody “Pressing Motion Required: Affirm Your Flight Particulars” or “Your Flight Reserving Affirmation Awaiting”. These topic strains strain recipients into opening the e-mail and probably falling sufferer to the rip-off.
-
Convincing Visible Design
Fraudulent emails typically incorporate official airline logos, branding parts, and formatting to carefully resemble real communications. This visible mimicry additional enhances the deception and reinforces the impression of legitimacy, making it tougher for recipients to distinguish between real and fraudulent emails.
-
Fabricated Urgency and Shortage
Making a false sense of urgency or shortage is a standard tactic used to strain recipients into performing shortly with out correct consideration. Emails would possibly declare limited-time gives, imminent flight cancellations, or the final likelihood to verify particulars. This strain tactic goals to bypass essential pondering and induce impulsive actions.
These interconnected sides of misleading communication work in live performance to deceive recipients into believing the fraudulent flight e-mail affirmation is real. Recognizing these techniques and exercising warning when receiving surprising flight confirmations is paramount to avoiding potential scams and defending private info.
2. Phishing Makes an attempt
Phishing makes an attempt characterize a major risk throughout the context of fraudulent flight e-mail confirmations. These makes an attempt goal to deceive recipients into divulging delicate info comparable to login credentials, bank card particulars, and private knowledge. Understanding the mechanics of those phishing makes an attempt is essential for recognizing and mitigating the dangers related to these fraudulent communications.
-
Knowledge Harvesting by Misleading Varieties
Faux flight confirmations typically embody hyperlinks to fraudulent web sites masquerading as authentic airline portals. These web sites sometimes function misleading kinds requesting private and monetary info. For instance, a recipient may be prompted to “confirm” their reserving particulars by coming into their bank card quantity, expiry date, and CVV. This info is then harvested by the perpetrators behind the rip-off.
-
Malicious Hyperlinks and Attachments
Phishing emails regularly incorporate malicious hyperlinks or attachments. Clicking on these hyperlinks can redirect customers to compromised web sites designed to steal info or set up malware. Attachments would possibly comprise malicious code that, as soon as executed, compromises the recipient’s machine. These malicious parts will be disguised as itineraries, boarding passes, or promotional gives.
-
Credential Theft by Faux Login Pages
Phishing emails could direct recipients to counterfeit login pages mimicking authentic airline web sites. These pages are designed to seize usernames and passwords. Upon coming into their credentials, the data is transmitted to the perpetrators, granting them entry to the sufferer’s real airline account and probably different on-line providers.
-
Exploitation of Two-Issue Authentication
Subtle phishing makes an attempt could even try and bypass two-factor authentication. By mimicking authentic login processes, these scams would possibly trick customers into coming into one-time passwords or approving fraudulent login makes an attempt on their cellular units. This highlights the significance of fastidiously scrutinizing all login requests and verifying their legitimacy.
The assorted phishing methods employed in fraudulent flight e-mail confirmations spotlight the subtle nature of those scams. Recognizing these techniques and exercising excessive warning when interacting with unsolicited flight confirmations is paramount for shielding private and monetary info. Vigilance and consciousness stay essential defenses in opposition to these evolving threats.
3. Fraudulent Itinerary
A fraudulent itinerary serves as a key element inside pretend flight e-mail confirmations, lending an air of authenticity to the misleading communication. The inclusion of a seemingly authentic itinerary reinforces the phantasm of a real reserving, rising the probability of the recipient falling sufferer to the rip-off. The itinerary typically incorporates fabricated flight particulars, together with non-existent flight numbers, incorrect departure and arrival instances, and fictitious reserving references. This fabricated info goals to persuade the recipient {that a} authentic reserving exists, thereby decreasing their guard and rising their susceptibility to phishing makes an attempt or different fraudulent actions.
For instance, a fraudulent itinerary would possibly element a non-existent direct flight between two cities, when in actuality, no such direct route exists. It may additionally embody fabricated baggage allowances, seat assignments, or different seemingly innocuous particulars designed to boost the phantasm of authenticity. The presence of such particulars typically serves to distract recipients from scrutinizing different facets of the e-mail, such because the sender handle or embedded hyperlinks, which could reveal its fraudulent nature. Moreover, the itinerary may be offered as a PDF attachment, additional enhancing the looks of legitimacy and probably concealing malicious code throughout the doc.
Recognizing the function of fraudulent itineraries throughout the broader context of pretend flight e-mail confirmations is essential for efficient rip-off detection. Cautious scrutiny of the itinerary’s particulars, cross-referencing them with info obtainable on the purported airline’s official web site, may help reveal inconsistencies and expose the fraudulent nature of the communication. Understanding this connection empowers people to guard themselves from monetary losses, id theft, and different potential penalties related to these scams. It additionally underscores the significance of verifying all flight confirmations obtained through e-mail by official channels.
4. Faux Affirmation Quantity
Faux affirmation numbers characterize a essential factor inside fraudulent flight e-mail confirmations, serving to lend credibility to the misleading communication. These fabricated numbers mimic real reserving references, making a false sense of legitimacy and rising the probability of recipients falling sufferer to the rip-off. Understanding the function and implications of pretend affirmation numbers is important for recognizing and mitigating the dangers related to these fraudulent emails.
-
Format Mimicry
Faux affirmation numbers are sometimes designed to imitate the format and construction of authentic reserving references utilized by airways. This mimicry can contain using particular alphanumeric sequences, lengths, and prefixes generally related to actual affirmation numbers. This shut resemblance makes it troublesome for recipients to tell apart between real and fabricated numbers with out additional verification.
-
Web site Verification Failure
A key indicator of a pretend affirmation quantity is its incapacity to be verified by the airline’s official web site or customer support channels. Making an attempt to retrieve reserving particulars utilizing the supplied pretend quantity will invariably lead to an error message or a scarcity of matching information. This verification course of is a vital step in confirming the legitimacy of any flight affirmation obtained through e-mail.
-
Psychological Impression
The presence of a seemingly authentic affirmation quantity exerts a strong psychological affect on recipients. It creates a way of reassurance and validation, reinforcing the idea {that a} real reserving exists. This psychological affect can cloud judgment and make people extra inclined to phishing makes an attempt or different fraudulent actions related to the pretend e-mail.
-
Connection to Different Fraudulent Components
Faux affirmation numbers are sometimes linked to different fraudulent parts throughout the e-mail, comparable to pretend itineraries, misleading hyperlinks, and requests for private info. These parts work collectively to create a cohesive and convincing deception, making it tougher for recipients to establish the communication as fraudulent. The interconnected nature of those parts underscores the significance of a holistic method to evaluating the legitimacy of flight affirmation emails.
The presence of a pretend affirmation quantity serves as a major purple flag, indicating the potential for fraudulent exercise. By understanding the function and traits of pretend affirmation numbers, people can higher defend themselves from the monetary and private dangers related to pretend flight e-mail confirmations. Verifying all flight confirmations by official airline channels stays a essential step in mitigating these dangers and making certain the legitimacy of journey preparations.
5. Suspicious Sender Handle
Scrutinizing the sender’s e-mail handle is paramount when assessing the legitimacy of a flight affirmation e-mail. A suspicious sender handle typically serves as the primary and most readily obvious indicator of a possible rip-off. Fraudulent emails regularly make use of misleading sender addresses designed to imitate authentic airline communication channels, trying to mislead recipients into believing the message originates from a reliable supply. Cautious examination of this seemingly minor element can forestall monetary loss and defend delicate private info.
-
Area Discrepancies
A typical tactic employed in fraudulent flight confirmations includes using barely altered domains. As an alternative of utilizing the official airline area (e.g., “airline.com”), the fraudulent e-mail would possibly originate from a deceptively related area (e.g., “airline-confirmations.com” or “airline.booking-site.internet”). These delicate variations are designed to use inattentiveness and create a false sense of legitimacy.
-
Public Electronic mail Suppliers
Professional flight confirmations hardly ever originate from public e-mail suppliers comparable to Gmail, Yahoo, or Outlook. Receiving a flight affirmation from an handle like “airlinebookings@gmail.com” ought to instantly elevate suspicion. Airways sometimes make the most of devoted e-mail servers and domains for official communications.
-
Generic Addresses
The usage of generic sender addresses, comparable to “reservations@noreply.com” or “data@flights.internet”, must be considered with skepticism. Professional airways sometimes make use of extra particular and customized sender addresses that mirror their branding and customer support practices.
-
Misspellings and Typos
Deliberate misspellings or typographical errors throughout the sender handle, comparable to “airliine.com” or “reservations@ariline.com,” are sometimes indicative of fraudulent exercise. These errors are deliberately included to bypass spam filters and exploit recipient oversight. Professional airways preserve rigorous high quality management over their communication channels and infrequently exhibit such errors.
These sides of suspicious sender addresses underscore the significance of vigilance when reviewing flight affirmation emails. An intensive examination of the sender handle, mixed with a essential evaluation of different e-mail parts, considerably enhances the flexibility to establish and keep away from fraudulent communications. Verifying the sender handle in opposition to the airline’s official web site or contacting customer support instantly stays the best method to affirm the legitimacy of a flight affirmation e-mail and defend oneself from potential scams.
6. Unrealistic Pricing
Unrealistic pricing serves as a distinguished lure inside fraudulent flight e-mail confirmations. Exceptionally low fares, typically considerably under market worth, are strategically employed to entice recipients and cloud their judgment. This tactic exploits the pure want for reasonably priced journey, making people extra inclined to overlooking potential purple flags and falling sufferer to scams. The attract of a deeply discounted fare can override warning, prompting impulsive actions and hindering essential analysis of the e-mail’s legitimacy.
-
Too-Good-to-Be-True Offers
Affords that seem dramatically cheaper than comparable flights provided by authentic channels ought to instantly elevate suspicion. These unbelievably low costs are designed to entice recipients and create a way of urgency, encouraging them to behave shortly with out thorough verification. For example, a round-trip worldwide flight provided at a fraction of its typical value is a powerful indicator of a possible rip-off.
-
Hidden Charges and Fees
Whereas the preliminary value offered within the fraudulent e-mail could seem remarkably low, hidden charges and fees are sometimes revealed later within the reserving course of or omitted altogether. These undisclosed prices can considerably inflate the ultimate value, finally negating the perceived financial savings and probably exposing victims to surprising monetary burdens.
-
Stress to Guide Instantly
Unrealistic pricing is commonly coupled with strain techniques, urging recipients to e book instantly to safe the exceptionally low fare. This manufactured urgency creates a way of shortage and encourages impulsive choices, bypassing cautious consideration and rising the probability of falling prey to the rip-off. Phrases like “limited-time supply” or “only some seats remaining” are generally employed to create this sense of urgency.
-
Comparability with Professional Sources
A vital step in verifying the legitimacy of a flight deal is to match the provided value with these obtainable by respected on-line journey businesses and the airline’s official web site. A big discrepancy in pricing ought to elevate fast purple flags and immediate additional investigation into the authenticity of the e-mail.
The utilization of unrealistic pricing inside pretend flight e-mail confirmations underscores the misleading nature of those scams. Recognizing the connection between unusually low fares and fraudulent exercise is essential for shielding oneself from monetary losses and potential id theft. A wholesome dose of skepticism, mixed with cautious verification of pricing by authentic channels, stays a vital protection in opposition to these misleading practices. By understanding the function of unrealistic pricing in these scams, people could make extra knowledgeable choices and keep away from falling prey to fraudulent gives.
7. Request for Private Knowledge
Requests for private knowledge throughout the context of pretend flight e-mail confirmations characterize a essential element of the deception. These requests function the mechanism by which perpetrators try and extract delicate info from unsuspecting recipients. The seemingly innocuous nature of those requests, typically disguised as routine verification procedures, can lull recipients right into a false sense of safety, making them extra more likely to expose private and monetary particulars. This info can then be exploited for id theft, monetary fraud, or different malicious functions. The connection between requests for private knowledge and pretend flight e-mail confirmations is subsequently an important side of understanding and mitigating the dangers related to these scams.
A typical tactic includes requesting “verification” of current reserving particulars, prompting recipients to re-enter info comparable to passport numbers, bank card particulars, or dwelling addresses. Different variations would possibly contain requests for “lacking” info, claiming that sure particulars are required to finish the reserving course of. For instance, a fraudulent e-mail would possibly declare that the passenger’s date of delivery is lacking from the reservation and request this info underneath the guise of finishing the reserving. Alternatively, the e-mail would possibly request safety info, comparable to mom’s maiden identify or the final 4 digits of a social safety quantity, underneath the pretext of verifying the recipient’s id. These seemingly authentic requests are designed to extract delicate info with out elevating fast suspicion. In some instances, requests for scans of passports or different identification paperwork are made, additional rising the chance of id theft.
The strategic use of non-public knowledge requests inside pretend flight e-mail confirmations highlights the subtle nature of those scams. Recognizing these requests as potential purple flags is essential for shielding private and monetary info. People ought to train excessive warning when encountering any request for private knowledge inside an unsolicited e-mail, notably these associated to flight confirmations. Verification by official airline channels stays essentially the most dependable methodology for confirming the legitimacy of such requests and mitigating the dangers related to these fraudulent communications. Understanding the connection between these requests and the broader context of pretend flight e-mail confirmations empowers people to guard themselves from the doubtless devastating penalties of those scams.
8. Grammar and Spelling Errors
Grammar and spelling errors inside flight affirmation emails function a major indicator of potential fraudulent exercise. Professional airways preserve rigorous high quality management over their communications, making certain skilled and error-free correspondence. The presence of such errors typically suggests a scarcity {of professional} oversight, attribute of fraudulent operations. Cautious scrutiny of language and syntax can, subsequently, present worthwhile insights into the authenticity of a flight affirmation e-mail.
-
Incorrect Verb Tenses and Conjugations
Inconsistent or incorrect verb tenses all through the e-mail, comparable to shifts between previous and current tense with out logical motive, typically betray non-native language proficiency or a scarcity {of professional} modifying. This may point out that the e-mail originates from a supply aside from the purported airline.
-
Misspelled Phrases and Typos
Apparent misspellings of widespread phrases, metropolis names, or airport codes strongly recommend a scarcity {of professional} requirements. Whereas occasional typos can happen in any communication, frequent or obvious errors inside a flight affirmation e-mail ought to elevate suspicion. For instance, misspelling the airline’s personal identify or the vacation spot metropolis is a powerful indicator of fraudulent exercise.
-
Grammatical Inconsistencies
Incorrect subject-verb settlement, improper use of articles, and different grammatical inconsistencies level in direction of a scarcity {of professional} modifying and oversight, traits typically related to fraudulent communications. These errors can manifest in varied kinds, comparable to utilizing singular verbs with plural topics or omitting essential articles.
-
Uncommon Sentence Construction
Awkward or unnatural sentence construction, together with excessively lengthy or convoluted sentences, generally is a signal of automated translation or a scarcity of native language proficiency. This may point out that the e-mail originates from a supply aside from the claimed airline. Unusually quick or uneven sentences missing correct punctuation will also be a purple flag.
The presence of grammar and spelling errors, when thought-about along with different suspicious parts, strengthens the case for figuring out a flight affirmation e-mail as fraudulent. These errors, typically neglected, present worthwhile clues that may defend people from the monetary and private dangers related to these scams. Whereas not conclusive on their very own, they function an necessary piece of the puzzle in figuring out fraudulent communications and underscore the significance of thorough scrutiny when coping with unsolicited flight confirmations.
9. Pressing Motion Requests
Pressing motion requests characterize a standard and efficient strain tactic employed inside pretend flight e-mail confirmations. These requests exploit psychological vulnerabilities, creating a way of urgency and prompting recipients to behave shortly with out correct consideration. This manufactured urgency bypasses essential pondering, rising the probability of people falling sufferer to the rip-off earlier than recognizing its fraudulent nature. Understanding the connection between pressing motion requests and pretend flight e-mail confirmations is essential for mitigating the dangers related to these misleading communications.
-
Time-Delicate Affords
Fraudulent emails typically make use of time-sensitive gives, comparable to deeply discounted fares which might be solely obtainable for a restricted time. These gives create a way of shortage and strain recipients to e book instantly with out verifying the legitimacy of the supply. Examples embody phrases like “24-hour flash sale” or “e book now earlier than costs go up.” The implication is that failure to behave swiftly will lead to a missed alternative, encouraging impulsive choices.
-
Impending Cancellation Threats
One other widespread tactic includes threatening imminent flight cancellation until the recipient takes fast motion. These threats exploit the worry of disrupted journey plans, prompting people to shortly adjust to the e-mail’s directions. For instance, the e-mail would possibly declare that the reserving might be canceled inside just a few hours until the recipient “confirms” their particulars by a supplied hyperlink. This strain tactic goals to bypass rational decision-making.
-
Request for Quick Verification
Fraudulent emails regularly request fast verification of non-public or reserving particulars, typically underneath the guise of safety procedures or system updates. This creates a way of urgency, implying that failure to conform will lead to points with the reservation. Requests for passport particulars, bank card info, or frequent flyer numbers underneath the guise of “verification” are widespread examples. This tactic goals to extract delicate info underneath the pretense of legitimacy.
-
Restricted Seat Availability Claims
Faux flight confirmations typically incorporate claims of restricted seat availability to create a way of shortage and urgency. This tactic pressures recipients into reserving shortly with out verifying the data. Statements like “solely two seats left at this value” or “promoting out quick” are regularly used to induce impulsive conduct. This creates a worry of lacking out and discourages cautious consideration of the e-mail’s authenticity.
The strategic use of pressing motion requests inside pretend flight e-mail confirmations highlights the misleading nature of those scams. By understanding the assorted kinds these requests take and recognizing the psychological mechanisms they exploit, people can higher defend themselves from the monetary and private dangers related to these fraudulent communications. A wholesome dose of skepticism and thorough verification of all flight confirmations by official channels stays the best protection in opposition to these misleading practices.
Regularly Requested Questions
This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to fraudulent flight e-mail confirmations, offering readability and steering for enhanced vigilance and safety.
Query 1: How can one differentiate between a authentic flight affirmation and a fraudulent one?
A number of key indicators may help distinguish between real and fraudulent flight confirmations. These embody verifying the sender’s e-mail handle in opposition to the airline’s official area, scrutinizing the e-mail for grammar and spelling errors, validating the affirmation quantity by the airline’s web site, and being cautious of unrealistic pricing or pressing motion requests. Cautious consideration to those particulars is essential for correct evaluation.
Query 2: What steps must be taken upon receiving a suspected pretend flight affirmation e-mail?
Chorus from clicking any hyperlinks or opening attachments throughout the suspected fraudulent e-mail. Contact the airline instantly utilizing official contact info to confirm the reserving. Report the fraudulent e-mail to the airline and related authorities, such because the Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) or the Federal Commerce Fee (FTC). These actions assist mitigate potential injury and contribute to combating fraudulent actions.
Query 3: Are there particular instances of yr when these scams develop into extra prevalent?
Fraudulent exercise typically will increase round peak journey seasons, comparable to holidays and main trip durations. Elevated journey demand creates extra alternatives for scammers to use vulnerabilities. Vigilance ought to stay heightened year-round, however notably throughout these durations of elevated journey exercise.
Query 4: What info ought to by no means be supplied in response to an unsolicited flight affirmation e-mail?
Delicate private info, comparable to passport particulars, bank card numbers, social safety numbers, and login credentials, ought to by no means be supplied in response to an unsolicited flight affirmation e-mail. Professional airways won’t ever request this info through unsolicited e-mail communication.
Query 5: How can people defend themselves proactively from most of these scams?
Proactive measures embody repeatedly checking credit score studies for unauthorized exercise, using sturdy and distinctive passwords for on-line accounts, enabling two-factor authentication every time obtainable, and remaining cautious of unsolicited e-mail communications, notably these requesting private info or prompting pressing motion. These practices improve total on-line safety.
Query 6: What are the potential penalties of falling sufferer to a pretend flight e-mail affirmation rip-off?
Penalties can vary from monetary losses attributable to fraudulent fees to id theft and unauthorized entry to on-line accounts. These outcomes can have important long-term implications, impacting credit score scores, monetary stability, and private safety.
Consciousness of the techniques employed in pretend flight affirmation scams empowers people to guard themselves successfully. Constant vigilance and proactive safety measures stay essential for mitigating dangers and safeguarding private info.
The subsequent part will discover particular examples of pretend flight e-mail confirmations to additional improve recognition and prevention.
Suggestions for Avoiding Flight Affirmation Scams
Defending oneself from fraudulent flight affirmation emails requires a proactive and knowledgeable method. The next ideas present sensible steering for enhancing vigilance and mitigating dangers.
Tip 1: Confirm the Sender’s Handle: Rigorously look at the sender’s e-mail handle, paying shut consideration to the area identify. Guarantee it matches the official airline’s area. Be cautious of slight variations or using public e-mail suppliers.
Tip 2: Scrutinize for Grammar and Spelling Errors: Search for grammatical inconsistencies, misspellings, and weird sentence buildings. Professional airways preserve excessive editorial requirements of their communications.
Tip 3: Validate the Affirmation Quantity: Confirm the supplied affirmation quantity by the airline’s official web site or by contacting their customer support instantly. Faux affirmation numbers is not going to be verifiable.
Tip 4: Be Cautious of Unrealistic Pricing: Train warning with exceptionally low fares that deviate considerably from market worth. If a deal appears too good to be true, it possible is.
Tip 5: Resist Pressing Motion Requests: Keep away from succumbing to strain techniques that demand fast motion. Professional airways hardly ever make use of high-pressure techniques of their communications.
Tip 6: Keep away from Clicking on Suspicious Hyperlinks: Chorus from clicking on any hyperlinks inside unsolicited flight affirmation emails, particularly these resulting in exterior web sites or requesting private info.
Tip 7: Contact the Airline Instantly: If unsure concerning the legitimacy of a flight affirmation e-mail, contact the airline instantly utilizing their official contact info to confirm the reserving.
Tip 8: Report Suspicious Emails: Report suspected fraudulent emails to the airline and related authorities, such because the Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG), to contribute to combating these scams.
By implementing the following pointers, people can considerably cut back their vulnerability to fraudulent flight affirmation emails. Constant vigilance and a cautious method are essential for shielding private and monetary info.
The next part gives a concluding overview of the important thing takeaways and reinforces the significance of vigilance within the digital age.
Conclusion
Fraudulent flight e-mail confirmations characterize a severe and evolving risk within the digital panorama. This exploration has highlighted the misleading techniques employed inside these communications, from spoofed e-mail addresses and deceptive topic strains to fraudulent itineraries and unrealistic pricing. The strategic use of pretend affirmation numbers, coupled with pressing motion requests, exerts psychological strain on recipients, rising their susceptibility to phishing makes an attempt and knowledge breaches. Understanding these techniques is essential for efficient rip-off recognition and mitigation.
The rising sophistication of those fraudulent communications necessitates heightened vigilance and a proactive method to on-line safety. Verification of all flight confirmations by official airline channels, coupled with a wholesome dose of skepticism towards unsolicited emails, stays paramount. By fostering consciousness and implementing preventative measures, people can contribute to a safer digital setting and defend themselves from the doubtless devastating penalties of those scams. Continued schooling and vigilance stay important in combating the persistent risk of fraudulent flight e-mail confirmations.
